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Mitigating Corrosion Under Insulation and Supporting the Longevity of Industrial Pipe Insulating Systems

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Multi-Technique Pipeline Corrosion Monitoring

By Kasay Mwiks
Published: July 18, 2019 | Last updated: July 19, 2024
Key Takeaways

A greater number of techniques improve the details, integrity and confidence of the data relating to the corrosion rate and causes.

A multi-technique corrosion monitoring system combines two or more techniques to cover a wide base for data gathering and to provide accurate corrosion data as well as differentiate between localized and uniform corrosion. The approach overcomes the limitations of the individual monitoring techniques, and helps in identifying the various complex factors that often lead to corrosion failures.

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The corrosion-related failures in pipelines cost billions of dollars in production losses, downtime, environmental contamination, injuries and fatalities. Most of these could be significantly reduced by employing continuous monitoring techniques as a component of comprehensive corrosion control programs.

Corrosion Monitoring and Corrosion Control

The monitoring enables the detection of changes in the rate of corrosion as well as the variations in corrosion behavior. This information enables timely remedial action to be applied and hence eliminate the corrosion-related failures.

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Using more than one type of monitoring system provides more accurate data that can reliably determine the corrosion rates as well as the effectiveness of the control and protection methods in place.

Free Download: How To Detect Pipe Corrosion in Underground Force Mains, Plus Must-Have Corrosion Detection Equipment

Why Consider a Multi-Technique Approach

Individual corrosion monitoring techniques used in isolation will only give an indication of one type of corrosion and may not show another form even if it exists. This can be misleading and may indicate that there is no corrosion when, in fact, another type of corrosion process is taking place.

The multi-technique approach combines various complimentary technologies to provide maximum coverage and to overcome the limitations of relying solely on data from an individual technique. In addition, some of these additional techniques allow the systems to differentiate between general and localized corrosion processes.

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The data from such a combined system is more reliable in identifying a suitable inhibitor for the localized corrosion, thereby helping in the fight against corrosion and providing economic benefits to businesses and the users.

Multi-technique corrosion monitoring approach for adequate overall accuracy and control (schematic).
Figure 1. Multi-technique corrosion monitoring approach for adequate overall accuracy and control (schematic). Source: Corrosion-Club

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The selection of which methods to use is based on factors such as:

1. LPR/HS-ER provides data within minutes if set up correctly and then interrogated online.

2. ER can provided the data after a few days or weeks if the detected corrosion rate is rapid.

3. Corrosion coupons provide data over long periods (in terms of weeks or months). (Corrosion coupons are examined in the article Corrosion Coupons: Why Relying on One Test Method Isn't Enough.)

Benefits of a Multi-Technique Corrosion Monitoring System

The advantages of a multi-technique corrosion monitoring system include:

  • Overcomes limitations of individual techniques
  • Greater confidence in captured data
  • Allows monitoring of different forms of corrosion
  • Improved overall control and accuracy
  • Early warnings, especially from the highly sensitive techniques
  • There is more data to provide a complete picture of the affected system

Types of Corrosion Monitoring

Corrosion monitoring includes the use of a broad range of techniques to evaluate the degradation of pipes, plants and other metallic materials. These fall into two distinct groups, namely those that provide indications of the prevailing corrosion rate and those that indicate the cumulative damage.

  1. Corrosion rate techniques
    These tests are usually online and continuous. They include linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical noise (ECN) and harmonic distortion analysis (HDA). The techniques, which provide a shorter response time and high resolution, are designed to provide faster assessment of the rate of the electrochemical processes at the metal-interface environments. The techniques will usually give results within a few minutes. (Learn how to work with corrosion rate values in Corrosion Rate Conversion: Simple Ways to Convert Data Between Common Corrosion Units.)
  2. Cumulative loss techniques
    These include the weight loss coupons, ultrasonic thickness (UT), ER, radiography and other non-destructive methods. However, these will only show signs of change after sufficient corrosion has occurred to cause damage in the material. These are often offline, do not provide real-time data, and the measurement cycles run into several days or weeks.

Multi-Technique Corrosion Monitoring Systems

Improvements in automated, multi-technique systems allow the combination of multiple measurements into a single instrument. One of the commonly used methods uses LPR in combination with two or more quantitative techniques such as ECN and HAD.

As an example, the combination of the three complimentary techniques of HDA, LPR and ECN is used in water cooling systems to provide accurate corrosion rate estimates, an indication of whether there is localized corrosion. The combination also gives an assessment of how the corrosion mechanism is influenced by the presence of scales or films, or by the loss of protection or passivity on the metal's surface.

The use of the ECN and LPR rates with B correction from the harmonic distortion analysis makes it possible to make quantitative measurements.

There are several other combinations that use different techniques depending on the application and environment.

Electrochemical Multi-Technique Monitoring Instruments

Electrochemical corrosion test techniques are widely used in multi-techniques corrosion monitoring. This is due to their sensitivity and speed, which allow correlation of the changes either in the corrosion mechanism or the rate that occurs from even the small, short-term variations in the corrosion or process control. For example, the monitoring is able to detect the impact of ingress of oxygen caused by the temporary opening of a valve or loss of chemical delivery in a water system. (For an overview of these and other test methods, read Corrosion Assessment: 8 Corrosion Tests That Help Engineers Mitigate Corrosion.)

A typical multi-technique corrosion monitoring system uses an electrochemical multi-probe instrument that can accommodate different probes, each representing a different technique. This gives the instruments the ability measure various parameters using:

  • Electrochemical noise (ECN)
  • Linear polarization resistance (LPR)
  • Harmonic distortion (HD)
  • Galvanic current (GC)
  • Hydrogen permeation current (HP)

The instruments use between two and four different techniques depending on the application, and adding different sensor elements enable them to simultaneously apply multiple techniques at the test location.

A common combination used for various tests includes LPR, HDA and ECN monitoring probes. This is used to monitor both the localized and general corrosion in water injection systems, in multi-phase oil-water systems with corrosive gases, the oil refining industry, natural gas transmission pipelines and more.

The real-time, online systems provide corrosion data quickly and some at intervals of less than 10 minutes. This provides engineers and plant operators with the relevant and accurate data that helps to improve equipment availability, reliability and integrity.

Figure 2. Multi-probe instruments.
Figure 2. Multi-probe instruments. Source: Corr Instruments

Example of Multi-Technique Corrosion Monitoring

A typical multi-technique corrosion monitoring system with four monitoring techniques has been used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of Alloy 600 and Alloy 690 SG tubes. The techniques' specific roles are:

  1. Potential measurement: A platinum wire works as the reference electrode to give indications of changes in a potential while an Alloy 690 coupon works as the working electrode.
  2. Zero resistance ammetry (ZRA) determines the galvanic current between two dissimilar electrodes.
  3. Electrochemical potential noise (EPN) determines fluctuations in potential during corrosion.
  4. Electrochemical current noise (ECN) determines the fluctuation in current during the corrosion process.

The EPN and ECN data is used to identify the corrosion mechanism. This is done by comparing the data with the signatures of the pitting corrosion and the stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In addition, the ECN data is also used to determine the overall corrosion rate.

The More Techniques, the Better

A combination of techniques maximizes the number of parameters that can be monitored, while minimizing the limitations of individual monitoring techniques when used in isolation. The increased number of techniques improves the details, integrity and confidence of the data relating to the corrosion rate and causes. This provides valuable information that can help fight corrosion and provide an economic benefit to businesses, operators, engineers and users.

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